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Question 1 Selectable Answer

What are the state level of analysis’s main concerns regarding the sovereign state that comes to bear
on decision-making and international behaviour?

A. Institutions of the sovereign state
B. Laws of the sovereign state
C. Processes of the sovereign state
D. Culture of the sovereign state
E. Withdrawl of the sovereign state

Answer:
Explanation:
The state-level of analysis relates to the sovereign state institutions, laws, processes, culture, and other characteristics that come to bear on decision making and international behavior.

Question 2 Selectable Answer

Which acts were born of a sense of frustration and necessity in Congress?

A. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995
B. National Banking Act of 1963
C. Helms-Burton Act of 1996
D. CDA of 1992
E. Militia Act of 1991

Answer:
Explanation:
The 1992 CDA and the 1996 LIBERTAD Act (‘Helms-Burton) were born out of a sense of frustration and necessity in Congress. The LIBERATED ACT is a united state federal law which strengthens and continues the United States embargo against Cuba and the CDA act was the first notable attempt by the United States Congress to regulate pornographic material on the Internet

Question 3 Selectable Answer

There are some intriguing interactions between externalities, effectiveness, and symbolic objectives.
Select the correct examples for the following statement.

A. States face optimistic externalities, so rewards are unlikely to be successful.
B. To be successful, symbolic targets will impose costs on the sender.
C. States face adverse externalities, and rewards can be successful in achieving symbolic objectives.
D. To be successful, symbolic goals must not impose costs on the sender.

Answer:
Explanation:
For example, to be successful, symbolic targets must inflict costs on the sender. As a consequence, abstract goals inevitably require a trade-off between effectiveness and negative externalities. Both States face negative externalities, and incentives can be successful in achieving symbolic targets, or they face positive externalities, and incentives are unlikely to be efficient.

Question 4 Selectable Answer

Which of the following is called Organized unilateral sanctions?

A. By a state through intragovernmental cooperation.
B. By a group of States through intergovernmental cooperation.
C. National organizations
D. By a group of States through intragovernmental cooperation.
E. By Non-profit organizations for human rights.

Answer:
Explanation:
Unilateral sanctions often refer to economic measures taken by one State to compel a change in the policy of another State. Unilateral sanctions are usually imposed by an individual State on the pretext of retaliation, reprisal, or retorsion. In rare cases, sanctions may be implemented by international organizations or by a group of States through intergovernmental cooperation. These two latter types may be called â˜organized unilateral sanctions.â™

Question 5 Selectable Answer

With which of the following procedural conditions EU should comply with for resorting to countermeasures?

A. Respecting the principle of proportionality.
B. Calling upon the third (target) State to cease the violation.
C. Suggesting negotiations.
D. Notifying its intention to take resources.
E. Calling upon the International justice of the law.

Answer:
Explanation:
For the EU to impose ‘unilateral sanctions’ against a third State and escape international responsibility, it must be successful in getting the act qualified as a countermeasure. It must thus first determine that the third (target) State has perpetrated an internationally wrongful act for which the third State has become responsible. It must also determine that the EU itself is somehow injured by that internationally wrongful act.
Finally, it must comply with a number of further substantive as well as procedural conditions for resorting to countermeasures, such as:

Question 6 Selectable Answer

The economic incentives are effectively used to achieve substantive goals .
What other purposes are addressed by these incentives under sanctions?

A. A targetted state to compel or change their policy
B. An individual to give up assets
C. A state to surrender
D. To reform a state for better
E. To change the public behavior

Answer:
Explanation:
Economic incentives and negative sanctions can be used to entice or compel a targeted state to change its policies or behaviour, or to deter it from pursuing undesirable policies or behaviour in the future. The effectiveness of economic statecraft in achieving these and other substantive goals is a function of the target’s net dependence on the goods offered or denied by the sender, and the target’s baseline of expectations.

Question 7 Selectable Answer

What is the similarity between the the 1993 rule and 1983 Rule 11?

A. Frivolousness test
B. Contents of the certificate
C. Required statements
D. Affirmative duty to investigate
E. Objective Test

Answer:
Explanation:
The 1993 rule imposes an affirmative duty to investigate just as the 1983 Rule 11 did. Also, both rules purpose was to deter rather than to compensate, the rule provides that, if a monetary sanction is imposed, it should ordinarily be paid into court as a penalty

Question 8 Selectable Answer

Punishment options for initial sentences more restrictive than traditional probation but less restrictive than jail or prison are called which of the following?

A. trap-door programs
B. side-door programs
C. front-end programs
D. back-end programs
E. corner-end programs

Answer:
Explanation:
Punishment options for initial sentences more restrictive than traditional probation but less restrictive than jail or prison are called front-end programs.

Question 9 Selectable Answer

Similar State-level constraints apply both in the target country and in third countries .
Which of the following statements supports the corresponding argument in respect of the target country?

A. The provision of assistance may not be used as a benefit for being cooperative.
B. The offer of assistance can be seen not as a challenge but as a reward.
C. The offer of assistance can be perceived not as a pledge, but as a menace.
D. The offer of assistance can be perceived as an act of revenge.
E. All of the above

Answer:
Explanation:
In the case of the target nation, the offer of assistance may be interpreted not as a guarantee but as a threat. The term â˜poison carrotsâ™ applies to circumstances in which the assistance can be interpreted as a shield for offensive plans, or the adoption of such concessions may be picked up by the opposition as proof of failure or even a loss of sovereignty.

Question 10 Selectable Answer

Where the financial sanction is an asset freeze, it is generally prohibited to do which of the following:

A. Deal with the frozen funds or economic resources, belonging to or owned, held or controlled by a designated person
B. Make funds or economic resources available, directly or indirectly, to, or for the benefit of, a designated person
C. Engage in actions that, directly or indirectly, circumvent the financial sanctions prohibitions
D. You gain access to certain exclusive benefits

Answer:
Explanation:
Where the financial sanction is an asset freeze, it is generally prohibited to:
• Deal with the frozen funds or economic resources, belonging to or owned, held or controlled by a designated person
• Make funds or economic resources available, directly or indirectly, to, or for the benefit of, a designated person
• Engage in actions that, directly or indirectly, circumvent the financial sanctions prohibitions

Question 11 Selectable Answer

North Korea’s campaign to become a nuclear power first became apparent in March 1993, when it announced that it was withdrawing from a treaty .
Which of the following treaty is this?

A. Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty I (Interim Agreement)
B. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
C. Ballistic Missile Launch Notification Agreement
D. Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
E. Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty - INF

Answer:
Explanation:
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
North Korea’s campaign to become a nuclear power first became apparent in March 1993, when it announced that it was withdrawing from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).

Question 12 Selectable Answer

In the period between the 1983 amendment and the adoption of the current Rule 11 in 1993, which of the following propositions had support in the face of widespread criticism in the legal community:

A. Rule 11, in conjunction with other rules, has tended to impact plaintiffs more frequently and severely than defendants
B. Rule 11 has occasionally created problems for a party which seeks to assert novel legal contentions
C. Rule 11 has too rarely been enforced through nonmonetary sanctions, and with cost-shifting having become the normative sanction
D. Rule 11 provides little incentive, and perhaps a disincentive, for a party to abandon positions after determining they are no longer supportable in fact or law

Answer:
Explanation:
There was support for the following propositions:
(1) Rule 11, in conjunction with other rules, has tended to impact plaintiffs more frequently and severely than defendants;
(2) it occasionally has created problems for a party which seeks to assert novel legal contentions or which needs discovery from other persons to determine if the party’s belief about the facts can be supported with evidence;
(3) it has too rarely been enforced through nonmonetary sanctions, and with cost-shifting having become the normative sanction; (4) it provides little incentive, and perhaps a disincentive, for a party to abandon positions after determining they are no longer supportable in fact or law

Question 13 Selectable Answer

Limiting the quantity of US imports from China entails relatively modest costs, as it would not be difficult for Washington to replace labor-intensive goods manufactured by the Chinese with alternative sources of such goods, what could be the alternative source?

A. The newly industrialized economies can offer alternative sources for these goods and, without too much market disruption, can fill the supply gap.
B. The Rhodesians can offer alternative sources for these goods and, without too much market disruption, can fill the supply gap.
C. The Lowveld growers' can offer alternative sources for these goods and, without too much market disruption, can fill the supply gap.
D. The staunchest defenders of the status quo can offer alternative sources for these goods and, without too much market disruption, can fill the supply gap.
E. The fallacy of identifying governments with specific economic interests can offer alternative sources for these goods and, without too much market disruption, can fill the supply gap.

Answer:
Explanation:
Limiting the quantity of US imports from China entails relatively modest costs, as it would not be difficult for Washington to replace the labor-intensive goods produced by the Chinese. Other newly industrialized economies offer alternative sources for these goods and, without too much market disruption, can fill the supply gap.

Question 14 Selectable Answer

Under the 1993 Rule 11, as under the prior rule, parties have the continued obligation to mitigate damages resulting from a Rule 11 violation .
Which of the following may relate to this situation?

A. Hamil v. Mobex Managed Servs. Co., 208
B. 247, 250 (
C. Ind. 2002) - “[A] party must request Rule 11 sanctions as soon as practicable after discovery of a Rule 11 violation.”
D. United Food & Commercial Workers Union Local No. 115 v. Armour & Co., 106
E. 345, 349-50 (
F. Cal. 1985) - Court reduced fee request because counsel over-litigated the case.
G. Pollution Control Indus. of Am. v. Van Gundy, 21
H. 3d 152, 156 (7th Cir. 1994) - Vacating sanctions against plaintiffs and remanding for appropriate award where defendants had a duty to mitigate costs but failed to raise the dispositive issue in a prompt and cost-efficient manner.
I. Danvers v. Danvers, 959
J. 2d 601, 605 (6th Cir. 1992) - Remanded for reduction of sanctions award where defendant’s attorney spent several hours researching and preparing for discovery on meritless action rather than moving to dismiss.
K. Thomas v. Capital Sec. Serv., 836
L. 2d 866, 879 (5th Cir. 1988) - “A party seeking Rule 11 costs and attorneys’ fees has a duty to mitigate those expenses by correlating his response, in hours and funds expended, to the merit of the claims.”

Answer:
Explanation:
The case of Hamil v. Mobex Managed Servs. Co., 208 F.R.D. 247, 250 (N.D. Ind. 2002) relates in the obligation to mitigate.

Question 15 Selectable Answer

The US and North Korea have been locked in a state of belligerency since June 1950. Throughout that period, American and North Korean troops have faced each other across the demilitarised zone, sometimes engaging in brief skirmishes.
The US imposed a blanket of near-total economic sanctions, which include:

A. Trading with the enemy act
B. Sanctions are only subject to property against DPRK
C. International security and development cooperation act
D. Trading of goods act
E. Sharing the same customs act

Answer:
Explanation:
As a result of the advanced state of its nuclear weapons program, North Korea was perhaps the most feared of the so-called rogues after the defeat of Iraq in 199 1. The US and North Korea have been locked in a state of belligerency since June 1950. Throughout that period, American and North Korean troops have faced each other across the demilitarised zone, sometimes engaging in brief skirmishes. The US imposed a blanket of near-total economic sanctions, including the Trading With the Enemy Act and the International Security and Development Cooperation Act. On several occasions, the US threatened the North with nuclear retaliation

7 1. Which of the following is needed to pay salary and related expenses to the designated person?
A. His salary account.
B. A lawyer's permission.
C. Frozen account
D. OFSI license
E. Bank permission
Answer: D
Explanation:
Employing a designated person:
A designated person can be employed but may need an OFSI licence to pay their salary or related expenses. This depends on the terms of their employment and when it began. We encourage you to seek independent legal advice or contact OFSI if you are unclear about needing a licence.

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